WatchTower Society Propaganda

[WatchTower Society] Propaganda

By N. Beel

(edited)

It would not be too presumptuous to presume that the bulk of what the average [Jehovah's Witness] knows about religion; knows about the [WatchTower] organization and its work; as well as the Jehovah's Witness's interpretation of world events, history, and biblical passages, and their knowledge of ["the truth"] primarily comes through [WatchTower] literature and sermons.

What the Watchtower [Society] teaches, although it is admitted that the material is not inspired or infallible, is received unquestionably as ["the truth"]. Thus the Watchtower [Society] is [the] primary source [for] influencing the minds and behavior of [Jehovah's Witnesses]. Does [the WatchTower Society] use propagandists' techniques to influence those who read its literature [and listen to its sermons]?

Propaganda has been in existence since people first started trying to influence other people towards their ideas and goals. The word originates from the Latin word "propagare", which means the reproducing of new plants by planting freshly cut shoots from an established plant (Brown, 1963:10). The first recorded use of the word "propaganda" was in 1633, when a renewed thrust in mission by the Catholic Church was named the Congegatio de Propaganda Fide. Here the central task was to convert the minds of foreign people to accept the Christian doctrines of Catholicism (Brown, 1963:10-11). In both World Wars, propaganda was extensively used with great effect by both sides to increase hatred for the enemy, and motivate nationalistic loyalty (Brown, 1963:11).

[Propaganda] has been used by politicians, by advertisers, by health workers, and by religious groups. At its grass roots level of definition, propaganda is "an organized dissemination of information and ideas", using any media that can convey ideas, "to persuade the recipients of the truth of their propositions and beliefs" (Dean, 1995:695).

The propagandist differs from the educator in that the propagandist [manipulates] people to reach the [propagandist's] preconceived conclusions by offering no desirable alternatives, and criticising any others that may exist; whereas the teacher helps the student make an informed decision based on an adequate understanding of the alternatives. The teacher shows people how to think. The propagandist tells people what to think (Brown, 1963:21).

In practice, no teaching is ever propaganda free. However, profitable teaching encourages thinking, whereas teaching using propaganda discourages thinking and independent value judgements. Inherently, the history of propaganda has shown that it has been abused by the propagandists. Some of the more unethical tactics commonly attributed to the propagandist are misleading people through the use of half-truths, or lies presented as "the truth".

Half-truths and lies have been used very effectively -- particularly in the World Wars. Due to the many different uses and connotations of the word "propaganda", the definition covers a broad spectrum of everyday experience. This [essay] is not so concerned with whether WatchTower literature is propaganda or not, but whether the WatchTower literature uses some of the more explicit and persuasive propagandists' techniques in recruiting and/or maintaining [WatchTower Society] membership.

Propaganda Techniques: The Use of Stereotypes

Propaganda utilizes stereotyping to create fixed impressions about particular "types" of people. These people are judged as a whole group rather than on an individual basis, and their actions are interpreted according to the expectations of the stereotyped image portrayed about them (Myers,1996:510; Brown, 1963:26). Propaganda encourages stereotyping (either with positive or negative connotations) to establish loyalty to its message and hostility to other ideas. Examples of groups of people that have been stereotyped are the Jews, the Japanese, the Protestants, and the Communists.

The Watchtower [Society]'s most powerful psychological weapon for increasing prejudice is that of stereotyping itself and its rivals. Jehovah's Witnesses present the clergy, [other religions], and the secular governments in extraordinarily negative language and imagery, according to their own selective biblical interpretation, historical interpretation, and reasoning. In creating stereotypes to downgrade [Christian clergymen and Church members], the [WatchTower Society] highlights and emphasizes selective negative aspects of certain denominations and groups throughout their histories (such as the Crusades, the Inquisition, and the various conflicts between Catholics and Protestants), and generalize their conclusions to the whole of the Christian community -- present and past.

By stereotyping Christians and Christianity with selected negative images it is not surprising that the Jehovah's Witness will minimize any good that individual Christians and Christian groups may be doing. To the Jehovah's Witness, each church or denomination is just as bad as the next, and it is their job to present "the truth" to those few Christians within 'Babylon the Great' (a name selected for the Christian Church of Revelation 18:2; cited in Proclaimers, 1993:188-189 on WTCD-ROM, 1996) who love God.

On the flip-side the WatchTower Society has stereotyped its [Jehovah's Witness members] as people who sincerely want to do the will of God and are succeeding in this. The teaching and literature of the WatchTower Society is true "spiritual food", and all other sources of information are "philosophies of man", and are to be treated accordingly. By stereotyping, the WatchTower [Society] can implant powerful world-views [into] their people, which then become filters to assess "truth". The stereotypes formed are based largely on biased WatchTower prepared information to justify their assumptions and conclusions, and give the impression that the 'evidence' points to the Jehovah's Witnesses alone as the "bearers of the truth".

Propaganda Techniques: The Substitution of Names

The substitution of names is a common practice of the propagandist. To get the message across, the propagandist will substitute words that give one impression for other words that either arouse or diminish emotions, and enhance people's acceptance of the message. For the pro-abortionist "baby" becomes "fetus", for the Westerner, "Communist" becomes "Red", and "Capitalism" becomes "Free Enterprise" (Brown, 1963:27).

The WatchTower [Society] likewise litters its literature with value-laden substituted names to increase its popularity among members and recruits. The whole of the Christian Church is knownas "Christendom" [1], while the "Faithful and Discreet Slave" is a biblical phrase borrowed from Matthew 24:45 representing "the entire body of spirit-anointed Christians [an elite class of Jehovah Witness] on earth" (WT 1/2/1995:13). Any non-Witness is classed as a "worldling", [2] and those who leave the Organisation wear the negative emotionally-charged label "apostate" [3] These terms are defined with descriptive language to create in-built emotional judgements every time the word or phrase is expressed. Thus the ideology becomes more easily accepted.

Footnotes:

[1] "Supporting the truth, they reject the pagan philosophies taught by Christendom, and they champion "the unadulteratedmilk belonging to the word" -- God's Word, the Bible." (WT 1/1/1995:10-11)

[2] "How can association, even with seemingly nice worldlings, pose a danger for a Christian?" (WT 15/4/1993:19)

[3] "11 Thus the one who doubts to the point of becoming an apostate sets himself up as a judge. He thinks he knows better than his fellow Christians, better also than the "faithful and discreet slave," through whom he has learned the best part, if not all that he knows about Jehovah God and his purposes. He develops a spirit of independence, and becomes "proud in heart. ... something detestable to Jehovah." (Prov. 16:5) Some apostates even think they know better than God, as regards his ordering of events in the outworking of his purposes. Two other causes of apostasy are therefore ingratitude and presumption. -- 2 Pet. 2:10b-13a." (WT 1/8/1980:19-20)

Propaganda Techniques: Selection and Card-Stacking

The propagandist carefully selects information that points to the conclusions that the readers are expected to reach. Information is carefully omitted that is not helpful in influencing the final conclusion (Brown, 1963:27). The reader is expected to make a judgement based on the narrow and biased data given. The reader is often unaware that any other data exists that might contradict the conclusion he/she is expected to make. Careful selection of evidence limits the reader from questioning the propagandist's assertions and conclusions, and is deliberately designed to decrease the person's independent thought and evaluation (Brown, 1963:28).

Similar to this is the technique of card-stacking. Card-stacking is an argument where all the evidence (whether it be true or false) is stacked in order so that the only conclusion possible is the conclusion the propagandist wants to be accepted. This is often done through comparing the propagandist's ideas with opposing ideas, but done in such a way that the propagandist's point seems to be the correct idea. (Lee & Lee, 1971: as adapted in Robertson, 1987:551).

[WatchTower] literature is highly selective in the material it presents it readers. Following is an excerpt from the WT CD ROM, and also their article "Transfusions: How Safe" downloaded from the WatchTower web site. Notice how information is carefully prepared using both selection and card-stacking to help the reader conclude that blood transfusions are not safe:

"Before submitting to any serious medical procedure, a thinking person will learn the possible benefits and the risks. What about blood transfusions? They are now a prime tool in medicine. Many physicians who are genuinely interested in their patients may have little hesitation about giving blood. It has been called the gift of life." ... "Blood has always enjoyed a 'magical' quality," notes Dr. Louise J. Keating."For its first 46 years, the blood supply was perceived as being safer than it actually was by both physicians and the public." (Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, May 1989) What was the situation then, and what is it now? Even 30 years ago, pathologists and blood-bank personnel were advised:"Blood is dynamite! It can do a great deal of good or a great deal of harm. The mortality from blood transfusion equals that from either anesthesia or appendectomy. There is said to be approximately one death in 1,000 to 3,000 or possibly 5,000 transfusions. In the London area there has been reported one death for every 13,000 bottles of blood transfused." -- New York State Journal of Medicine, January 15,1960. Have the dangers since been eliminated so that transfusions are now safe? Frankly, each year hundreds of thousands have adverse reactions to blood, and many die." (HB pages 7-8 from WT CDROM, 1996)

Disease Free Or Fraught With Danger? Blood-borne disease worries conscientious physicians and many patients. Which disease? Frankly, you cannot limit it just to one; there are indeed many. After discussing the more well-known diseases, Techniques of Blood Transfusion (1982) addresses "other transfusion-associated infectious diseases," such as syphilis, cytomegalovirus infection, and malaria. Itthen says: "Several other diseases have also been reported to be transmitted by blood transfusion,including herpes virus infections, infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis [African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease], leishmaniasis, brucellosis [undulantfever], typhus, filariasis, measles, salmonellosis, and Colorado tick fever." The pope survived being shot. After leaving the hospital, he was taken back for two months, "suffering a great deal." Why? A potentially fatal cytomegalovirus infection from the blood he received. Actually, the list of suchdiseases is growing.

The uninformed person will most likely agree with the Jehovah's Witness conclusion based on the evidence presented. However, as with other propaganda, there is another side that is either absent, misrepresented, or presented in such a way that the WatchTower conclusions seem the only viable solution. [4]

It appears that the WatchTower will use only the information (even if quoted out of context) that will point towards their conclusions, and ignore or misuse any information that might lead to somewhat different conclusions. [5]

Footnotes:

[4] "The fact remains, as documented in thousands of cases from all over the world, that blood transfusions have proven effective in saving lives. If it didn't, blood would not have been used to the extent it has by medical professionals, whose main concern is to save lives and heal disease." (Propaganda, n.d.).

"We do not need to downplay any of the real dangers of blood transfusions. Like any complicated medical operation, blood transfusions can be dangerous. But just as the WTS has written endless articles on the dangers of blood, anyone could write such articles on the dangers of antibiotics, open heart surgery, psychiatric drugs, and even tonsillectomies, complete with quotations from credible and not-so-credible sources. No person in his right mind would suggest that these medical practices be abandoned, even though the details and frequency of using the various methods are subject to serious debate among professionals." (Propaganda, n.d.)

"If we compare this to other medical risks, the figures take on more meaning. For instance, if you have general anesthesia, your chances of having a reaction and dying are between 1 in 15,000 and 1 in 30,000. If you accept penicillin, your chances of a fatal reaction are about 1 in 30,000. Clearly, there is a far greater chance of dying as a result of general anesthesia or antibiotic treatment than there is of contracting AIDS through a blood transfusion." (Propaganda, n.d.)

Monica Revelle in her article "Progress in Blood Supply Safety" ... comments: "Nonetheless, blood and blood products are not entirely risk-free. There is a remote risk of infection with serious blood-borne viruses such as hepatitis and HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. But for patients who need blood transfusions, the risk of transfusion-associated disease is far less than the risk of dying or becoming more seriously ill without a transfusion." (n.d.[emphasis added])

[5] An example of the WatchTower [Society]'s misuse of information is highlighted in its WatchTower magazine on 15 October, 1993. It quotes a favorable doctor who believes that the costs and possible side effects make transfusions a dubious option (32). It also quotes that same doctor saying that to forego transfusions increases the mortality rate for a standard operating procedure from 0.5% to [only] 1.5% (ibid.). This translates to an average of one person in every hundred dies needlessly in routine surgery from failing to receive blood. The WT article concludes saying "Any medical risk of refusing blood is probably less than the risks involved in accepting blood transfusions" (15/10/1993:32). However in an academic paper by Dr. Charles Baron it is reported that there is on average only "one death for every 13,000 bottles of blood transfused." (1993:15 quoted in Awake,22/11/1992:27). Comparing these statistics, of one death in every 100 patients who fail to receive blood (for standardsurgical procedures) with one death in every 13,000 units of transfused blood reveals, a very different conclusion to that drawn by the WT is evident. (Watchtower Falsifies Blood Death Numbers, n.d.)

Propaganda Techniques: Deception and Lying

Brown (1963:27) asserts that falsehood is a common method of the propagandist. Fabricating, twisting, stretching, or omitting the evidence have all been utilized in propaganda -- with effective results. False atrocity stories were used in the Crusades and both World Wars to evoke public response, and this it did with great efficacy.

The WatchTower [Society] has a history of misquoting, misleading, and deception. Its articles often quote Scripture and other writings out of context to back up its doctrines. Misrepresentation, outright lying, and subtle twisting of information using their loaded vocabulary are all techniques to maintain their credibility, despite facts to the contrary. Listed are some examples found within their literature of WT deception.

"Pastor Russell held closely to the Scriptures. He believed that Christ had been present since 1874. He also admitted in private to being that "Faithful and Wise Servant" (WT 1/12/1916 as quoted in Reed, 1995:77)

"the Lord's faithful and wise steward, Pastor Russell" (Studies in the Scriptures, Vol 7, The Finished Mystery 1917:418 as quoted in Reed, 1995:77)

"Russell never claimed to be the faithful and wise servant." (God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years has Approached, 1973:346 as quoted in Reed, 1995:79).

And ...

"... the common thought of Trinitarians [6], that the Son is the Father" (WT 1/2/1899 quoted in Reed, 1995:123).

"The doctrine, in brief, is that there are three gods in one..." (Let God Be True, 1952:100 quoted in Reed, 1995:123).

"Three Gods in one person, or as some have put it, one God in three persons." (WT 7/1882:369 quoted in Reed, 1995:123). [6]

Footnote: [6] A brief definition of the Trinity that is foundational to Christianity is that there is one God who is revealed in three distinct Persons -- Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

Here is an example of a [blatantly dishonest] misquote from the {WatchTower's] "Trinity" brochure:

Tertullian, who died about 230 C.E., taught the supremacy of God. He observed: "The Father is different from the Son (another), as he is greater; as he who begets is different from him who is begotten; he who sends, different from him who is sent." He also said: "There was a time when the Son was not. ... Before all things, God was alone."

(http://www.watchtower.org/library/ti/bible_teaching.htm; emphasis mine.)

Now here are the [entire] two sections [from which] the quote was extracted:

"For we do not say, as the heretics suppose, that some part of the substance of God was converted into the Son, or that the Son was procreated by the Father out of things non-existent , [3] i.e., beyond His own substance, so that there once was a time when He did not exist; How, then, can it be asserted that there once was a time when He was not the Son? For that is nothing else than to say that there was once a time when He was not the Truth, nor the Wisdom, nor the Life, although in all these He is judged to be the perfect essence of God the Father; for these things cannot be severed from Him, or even be separated from His essence. And although these qualities are said to be many in understanding,[2] yet in their nature and essence they are one, and in them is the fulness of divinity." Tertullian 4:376-7 (emphasis mine).

There are some who allege that even Genesis opens thus in Hebrew: "In the beginning God made for Himself a Son."[8] As there is no ground for this, I am led to other arguments derived from God's own dispensation,[9] in which He existed before the creation of the world, up to the generation of the Son. For before all things God was alone -- being in Himself and for Himself universe, and space, and all things. Moreover, He was alone, because there was nothing external to Him but Himself. Yet even not then was He alone; for He had with Him that which He possessed in Himself, that is to say, His own Reason. For God is rational, and Reason was first in Him; and so all things were from Himself. This Reason is His own Thought (or Consciousness)[10] which the Greeks call logos, by which term we also designate Word or Discourse[11] and therefore it is now usual with our people, owing to the mere simple interpretation of the term, to say that the Word[12] was in the beginning with God; Tertullian3.600 (emphasis mine)

These are only three examples from many where the Watchtower has deceived or mislead.

Propaganda Techniques: Repetition

The propagandist uses repetition to etch his/her message into the minds of the audience. If the word or phrase is used enough, it will soon be accepted, whether it has meaning or not (Brown, 1963:27).

The WatchTower [Society's] literature repeats many phrases, words, and ideas repeatedly throughout its writings. Twenty-four times the "Faithful and Discreet Slave" was mentioned in the WatchTower [magazine] in 1995, (not to mention its further repetition in the [sermons and] discussions held in Kingdom Halls and at book studies).

Through repetition, Jehovah's Witnesses and others become conditioned to associate the "Faithful and Discreet Slave" with only positive and righteous connotations. On the flip-side, the words "Christendom", "Trinity", and ["blood transfusion"] are repeated over and over again, and are associated with evil and ungodliness. When the Jehovah's Witness hears these terms mentioned, he/she will likely experience an automatic negative emotional response. Jehovah's Witnesses are not only indoctrinated with repeated use of WatchTower words and doctrine, but are indoctrinated through therepeated stigma applied to each.

Propaganda Techniques: Glittering Generalities and Name-Calling

Glittering generalities is the technique for surrounding a product or political personality with favourable words or phrases (such as "freedom", "a better future") to increase the likelihood that the audience will receive their message (Lee, & Lee, 1971 adapted by Robertson, 1987:551).

The [WatchTower Society] uses glittering generalities to explain their organization, people, and doctrine. Below is one of many examples of their use of glittering generalities:

"A Blessed Brotherhood 13 Being a part of the only God-approved international brotherhood is also

a source of great joy.

Happily, we have the most desirable associates on earth. Jehovah God himself pointed to our day and said: "I will rock all the nations, and the desirable things of all the nations must come in; and I will fill this house with glory." (Haggai 2:7) True, all Christians are imperfect. However, Jehovah has drawn such individuals to himself through Jesus Christ. (John 14:6) Since Jehovah has drawn to himself people

he considers desirable, our joy will abound if we show them brotherly love, esteem them highly,cooperate with them in godly pursuits, uphold them in their trials, and pray in their behalf." (WT15/1/1995:13) [italics added]

Name-calling is the opposite to the glittering generality technique. Here the propagandist attempts to associate unfavorable words and phrases to whatever and whoever the propagandist opposes. The anti-abortionists would use the word "murderer" to describe a mother who has aborted her fetus (Lee& Lee, 1971 adapted by Brown, 1987:551).

When referring to groups of people or particular beliefs that Jehovah's Witnesses must recognise as being dangerous or ungodly, the WatchTower [Society] often gives special terms (or may even use their common name), which are either naturally associated with unfavorable connotations, or are defined and expounded in such a way as creates inimical associations. Below is an example of several typical words the WatchTower [Society] uses to create unfavorable impressions in recruit's and member's minds.

"Another lie made and told by Satan for the purpose of reproaching God's name and turning men away from God is that of the "trinity". That doctrine is taught by the religionists of Christendom and is in substance this: "that there are three gods in one." (Riches, 1936:185 quoted in Reed, 1995:124 [italics mine]).

Propaganda Techniques: Pinpointing the Enemy

The propagandist will always have an enemy. The message is "not only for something, but also against some real or imagined enemy, who is supposedly frustrating the will of his audience" (Brown,1963:28).

Two effects are noticed: 1. Aggression is directed away from the propagandist's cause and, 2. It helps consolidate the loyalty of the "in-group". The propagandist portrays stereotyped diabolical images of the perceived enemy. The stronger the perceived enemy -- the stronger the unification to the cause; a unification that is based on fear and hatred.

The Watchtower [Society] has been successful in creating fearful images of evil enemies to instill fear and suspicion into the members. Images of God protecting them -- through their maintaining obedience to the WatchTower [Society] -- is the only way of their assuring a safe future in the hereafter. But, part of that loyalty includes being persecuted for the Kingdom's sake -- with the world, the Devil, earthly governments, and "religions" ALL in violent opposition to them. [7]

Outside antagonism or criticism towards the WatchTower [Society] and its doctrines are exaggerated as "persecution", while its own criticisms directed at other groups are viewed as "exposing evil". Other groups, especially [Christendom], [8] are represented as being the epitome of evil in comparison to a holy and stainless [Watchtower Society]. Here are some quotes to demonstrate the WatchTower pinpointing the enemy (in this case, [Christendom] is pinpointed as the enemy).

Footnotes:

[7] In fact, according to WT doctrine, God's people only make up .1% of the world and all the rest are on Satan's side (WT1958 10/15:614-615). No wonder loyalty is so strong.

[8] An interesting comment made by the Society "Had Christendom chosen to do so she could easily have prevented World Wars 1 and 2". (WT 1/12/1951:731 quoted in Martin, 1985:34)

"Haters of God and His people are to be hated, but this does not mean that we will take any opportunity of bringing physical hurt to them in the spirit of malice or spite, for both malice and spite belong to the devil, whereas pure hatred does not."

We must hate in the truest sense which is to regard with extreme and active aversion, to consider as loathsome, odious, filthy, to detest. Surely any haters of God are not fit to live on His beautiful earth. ..."

Jehovah's enemies are recognized by their intense dislike for His people and the work these are doing. For they would break it down and have all of Jehovah's Witnesses sentenced to jail or concentration camps if they could. Not because they have anything against the Witnesses personally but on account of their work.They publish blasphemous lies and reproach the holy name of Jehovah. Do we not hate those who hate God? We cannot love those hateful enemies for they are fit only for destruction. ...

"We pray with intensity and cry out this prayer for Jehovah to delay no longer and plead that His anger bemade manifest, oh Jehovah of hosts... be not merciful to any wicked transgressors... Consume them in wrath, consume them so that they shall be no more (Psalm 59:4-6, 11-13)...."When this happens what a tremendous change will take place, the tables will be turned! Brought down will be the lofty from dwelling on high as great, high influential ones of this world to the lowest possible placeimaginable, so low and degraded they can only be compared to being trampled under foot by the poor likestraw in a manure heap. Christendom's lofty looks, boastful words, bragging tongue and superior attitudetoward the holy Word of God, her trust in idols, men and riches such as belong to this world will not provide her with security or any safety from Jehovah's storm and blast. ..." (WT 1/12/1951:734 cited in Martin, 1985:31-32). [9]

Footnote: [9] A more recent article expressing a similar vein: "Exposure of the clergy by the Jeremiah class has been powerful. For example, at the 1958 Divine Will International Assembly of Jehovah's Witnesses in New York City, the vice president of the Watch Tower Society presented a statement that said in part: "Without any double talk or hesitation we declare this root cause of all the crime, delinquency, hatred, strife, prejudice, ... and mad confusion to be wrong religion, false religion; behind which is man's unseen enemy, Satan the Devil. The men most responsible for the world condition are the religious instructors and leaders; and the most reprehensible of these are the religious clergy of Christendom. ... After all these years since World War I, Christendom stands in a relationship toward God like that of Israel in Jeremiah's day. Yes, Christendom faces a destruction more frightful and devastating than that which Jeremiah saw happen to Jerusalem." (WT1/3/94:11)

Propaganda Techniques: The Appeal to Authority and Testimonial

The propagandists will appeal to authority to authenticate their message. The authority may be religious, scientific, a famous personality, or any source that will in some way legitimate the conclusion of the propagandist (Brown, 1963:28).

Another related technique is the testimonial, whereby the propagandist uses the testimony of people, usually well-known celebrities, to 'sell' their product or criticise the opposition. (Lee & Lee, 1971 as adapted in Robertson, 1987:551).

SHAMELESSLY, the WatchTower [Society] will use the supposed authority of ANYONE who appears to give credence to their argument. WatchTower literature spanning decades is filled with references from Scriptures taken out of context, quotes/mis-quotes from scholars and pseudo-scholars alike, argumets taken from the mainstream to the fringe elements of society, purported evidence from atheists to the religious, from quacks to medical professions -- anything to help bolster their arguments.

Jehovah's Witnesses carry a book along, entitled "Reasoning frm the Scriptures", which gives them ready quotes from various sources which they can assert when the need arises to validate their arguments. A smattering of quotes from a wide variety of often illegimate sources gives outsiders the general impression that the sources agree with the Jehovah's Witness's argument, whether that is the case or not. [10]

Footnote: [10] But quite to the contrary, most quotes only agree in part with the specific point the literature is asserting, not the conclusion derived from the accumulation and arrangement of the scattered quotes. For example, the WatchTower quotes Ignatius citing Proverbs 8:22 "The Lord brought me forth as the first of his works, before his deeds of old." in reference to Jesus, and consequently concludes that he believed Jesus had a beginning. Or they may assume that because Ignatius did not explicitly state in any of his writings that the Holy Spirit is God, he therefore did not believe the Holy Spirit is God (cf WT1/2/1992:21). To justify its rendering of John 5:58 "I have been" instead of "I am" the WatchTower quotes a significant list of obscure translations, most with only one translator, without citing the major translations and then concluding that the evidence points towards its translation being feasible. When reading WatchTower literature the reader needs to ask themselves who are they quoting and are they recognised authorities in the area of comment, is the quote in context, and would the author use the information to arrive at similar conclusions as the WatchTower?

Propaganda Techniques: Transfer

Transfer is used to gain a favourable impression by associating its message with something that the audience views favorably. Advertisers use this technique to sell their product by associating it with attractive models, even though there may not be any link whatsoever between the two (Lee & Lee,1971 as adapted in Robertson, 1987:551).

WatchTower literature aims to create positive transference regarding its religion. [WatchTower] articles continually refer to how Jehovah's Witnesses are obedient to God; are happily building his kingdom; and are collectively the most loving and virtuous people on earth. The picture the WatchTower [Society] is trying to create is that the evidence points towards the Jehovah's Witnesses being the sole group in the world to be truly called God's people.

"24 Let us enumerate some of the many fine works of the faithful slave class. First, the slave class has been appointed over all the Master's belongings -- his Kingdom interests on earth -- and these belongings keep on increasing. Second, that class is feeding not only the anointed domestics but an ever-expanding great crowd of other sheep with spiritual food. Third, the slave class is taking the lead in spreading the Kingdom light. Fourth, its greatest expansion of activities is in the gathering of the great crowd of other sheep, bringing them to Jehovah's spiritual temple. Fifth, the slave class, with the wholehearted support of sheeplike ones, is providing enlarged facilities for branch organizations around the globe, as well as at the headquarters in the United States. Such loving labors have made the slave class the happiest people on earth today, and they have made millions of other people happy too. All of these give thanks to Jehovah God and to Jesus Christ, who have directed the expanded activities of the discreet slave! 25 The slave class is now working harder than ever at its God-assigned duties. The time left before the outbreak of the "great tribulation" is almost gone! (Matthew 24:21) How vital it is that these who are God's sheep stay on the right side of favor of his Shepherd-King! So, then, let all continue zealously to support the faithful and discreet slave. It is only by doing this that someday very soon all sheeplike ones will be able to hear those happy words: "Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the founding of the world." (WT 1/5/1993:20-21)

The pictures add to the appeal of the message. Righteous biblical characters are given characteristics that portray sincerity, happiness and a trust in God, and likewise the pictures of Jehovah's Witnesses are comparably given similar qualities. Jehovah's Witnesses are portrayed in multi-racial, family, work, friendship, or evangelism environments. Jehovah's Witnesses are always drawn as modestly and neatly dressed and well-groomed. The pictures emphasize unity, sincerity, diligent Bible study and happiness. The literature is specially designed to attract the audiences favourableattention.

Propaganda Techniques: Plain Folks

Here the propagandist associates his/her ideas with the average person on the street. The politician might be photographed with children in a nursery in an attempt to create an image of being one with the people (Lee & Lee, 1971 as adapted in Robertson, 1987:551).

The pictures in the WatchTower literature also feature pictures of average normal-looking folk being in familiar looking surroundings or doing familiar activities. The message is: They are normal people like us!

Propaganda Techniques: Bandwagon

This technique encourages people to believe that "everybody's doing it", therefore to remain in the "in-group" the recipient must do likewise (Brown, 1963:28). This method tries to create the impression in people's mind that "everybody's doing it". People are often influenced most by the reactions of others. Those who have not made a firm decision will tend to change their minds according to what is popular. (Lee & Lee, 1971 as adapted in Robertson, 1987:551).

The WatchTower [Society] utilizes this by explicitly and implicitly stressing that all of God's people are members of the "New World Society", and are actively proselytising and are making it a habit to study WatchTower literature. This leaves the impression that everybody in "God's Organization" "is doing it", therefore it is likely that people reading the literature will also be more inclined to join in the activities.

Millions of Bible readers worldwide use the New World Translation because it is a modern-language translation that renders Bible terms with accuracy. ... it will help many more to get a better understanding of "the word of life." (Philippians 2:16) Because it has already helped millions to do so, it is truly worthy of recommendation. (WT 1/3/1991:30)

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Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda

"For if anyone is a hearer of the word, and not a doer, this one is like a man looking at his natural face in a mirror. For he looks at himself, and off he goes and immediately forgets what sort of man he is." -- James 1:23,24

The June 22, 2000, "Awake!" Magazine, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, discussed the topic of "propaganda" at length. The result was both informative and well-written. This response incorporates much of the discussion contained in the magazine, along with pertinent information so that the interested one might better understand whether this powerful tool is used by Jehovah's Witnesses today by addressing the question "Is the Work of Jehovah's Witnesses Propagandistic?"

The cover of the magazine features a balding, white-haired man dressed in business-like attire standing behind an array of microphones with his hand slightly extended in invitation. His demeanor appears to be sincere, his face clean-shaven and mouth formed into the hint of a smile or in mid-sentence. The caption below reads "Should You Believe Everything You Hear?"

The discussion begins on the inside of the cover, where a close-up of a man's ear, hand cupped around, is pictured, along with the caption "Most of us are bombarded with information every day. What forms does it take? How can you sift the true from the false?" The discussion is to be elaborated in a three-part series, on pages 3-11.

Article One: Propaganda Can Be Deadly

The first article is titled "Propaganda Can Be Deadly" and begins with a quote attributed to Mark Twain which says:

"A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes."

Pictured on the page, in the lower right corner, is a young child, thin and dressed in what appears to be winter clothing of the WWII era. The caption beside the photo reads "Propaganda was used to victimize Jews during the Holocaust." The article then discusses what first appears to be another case of anti-Jew persecution in a school involving a teacher directing her students to mistreat a seven-year-old student. But then it's revealed that the student is not Jewish, but rather that he is the son of Jehovah's Witnesses. The discussion then turns to the varied forms of propaganda that spread in Germany and nearby countries "some 60 years ago".

Next, the writer mentions the open use of emblems of hate (i.e., swastika) in propaganda as well as the more subtle use (e.g. tasteless jokes). A key statement to Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses: Propaganda is quoted below:

"Its persuasive techniques are regularly applied by dictators, politicians, clergymen, advertisers, marketers, journalists, and others who are interested in influencing thought and behavior." [1]

As the writer admits, "propagandistic messages can be used to accomplish positive social ends, as in campaigns to reduce drunk driving. But propaganda may also be used to promote hatred for ethnic or religious minorities." Researchers Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson are then quoted as having said:

"Every day we are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another. These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. For better or worse, ours is an age of propaganda." [Emphasis mine]

The first article closes with questions about how human thinking and actions have been affected by propaganda, how a person could protect themselves from it, and whether there is a trustworthy source of information, and then states that these and other questions will be discussed in the articles to follow.

It is the intention of Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses: Propaganda to address just how the organization known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses has been guilty of the very same propaganda as others are accused of, using the same techniques discussed within the magazine's three-part series of articles.

Article Two: The Manipulation of Information

The second article begins by citing Adolph Hitler's Mein Kampf:

"By clever and perservering use of propaganda even heaven can be represented as hell to the people, and conversely the most wretched life as paradise."

The writer continues by pointing out that with the advent of today's means of communication, the "flow of persuasive messages has dramatically accelerated." [2] Because of the increase of information flow and the pressures thereof, the writer argues:

"Many respond to this pressure by absorbing messages more quickly and accepting them without questioning or analyzing them."

"The cunning propagandist loves such shortcuts. Propaganda encourages this by agitating the emotions, by exploiting insecurities, by capitalizing on the ambiguity of language, and by bending the rules of logic. As history bears out, such tactics can prove all too effective." [3] [Emphasis mine]

Under the subheading "A History of Propaganda" the reader is introduced to the actual origin of the term that has such a negative connotation today. Having apparently come from the name given to a group of Roman Catholic cardinals that formed a committee that was established by Pope Gregory XV in 1622 to oversee missionaries, the term eventually came to be equated with "any effort to spread a belief".

Of course, as the writer points out, the concept of propaganda has its history going clear back to ancient times, with the usage of various symbols (the writer cites the Egyptian pyramids as an example).

The era of WW1 saw the term "propaganda" take on the more familiar negative connotation that most recognize today. The writer draws attention to Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels as "master propagandists." [4] That era also saw a more active role played by the nations in promoting national policies, the article continues. Even today, the use of alluring advertisements for tobacco by the tobacco industry seems to downplay the threat to public health in order to gain sales.

The article then begins to address the various means used by those who engage in propaganda.

First among these is found under the subheading "Lies, Lies!"

"Certainly, the handiest trick of the propagandist is the use of outright lies." [5]

The writer then mentions Martin Luther's statements made in 1543 concerning Jews of Europe:

"They have poisoned wells, made assassinations, kidnapped children They are venomous, bitter, vindictive, tricky serpents, assassins, and children of the devil who sting and work harm. Set fire to their synagogues or schools. Their houses [should] also be razed and destroyed."

The next subheading "Making Generalizations" starts off with the pointed statement:

"Another very successful tactic of propaganda is generalization. Generalizations tend to obscure important facts about the real issues in question, and they are frequently used to demean entire groups of people." [6] [Emphasis mine]

The subheading that follows, "Name-Calling" makes another valid point:

"Some people insult those who disagree with them by questioning character or motives instead of focusing on the facts. Name-calling slaps a negative, easy-to-remember label onto a person, a group, or an idea. The name-caller hopes that the label will stick. If people reject the person or the idea on the basis of the negative label instead of weighing the evidence for themselves, the name-caller's strategy has worked." [7] [Emphasis mine]

As the writer points out, recent years have seen a tremendous growth in antisect sentiment, especially in Europe. To cite how the writer put it so succinctly:

Often "sect" becomes a catchword. "'Sect' is another word for 'heretic'," wrote German Professor Martin Kriele in 1993, "and a heretic today in Germany, as in former times, is [condemned to extermination] -- if not by fire, then by character assassination, isolation and economic destruction." [8] [Emphasis mine]

"Playing on the Emotions" is the next subheading. There, the writer states:

"Even though feelings might be irrelevant when it comes to factual claims or the logic of an argument, they play a crucial role in persuasion. Emotional appeals are fabricated by practiced publicists, who play on feelings as skillfully as a virtuoso plays the piano. For example, fear is an emotion that can becloud judgment. As, as in the case of envy, fear can be played upon." [9] [Emphasis mine]

Another example involving propaganda against Jehovah's Witnesses is brought forward. In this instance, three girls had committed suicide in Moscow. The accusation was that that the girls were "fanatical followers" of Jehovah's Witnesses. The writer draws attention to the term "fanatical" in this instance, pointing out how fear became the motivation for people's view of Witnesses afterwards, then reveals how the accusation was false, but that by then the information was already in the media to such as extent that the population certainly must have come to the conclusion that Jehovah's Witnesses were a suicidal cult. It is because of being misinformed that the people would come to such a conclusion in light of such negative media, the writer alleges.

The article continues:

"Hatred is a strong emotion exploited by propagandists. Loaded language is particularly effective in triggering it. There seems to be a nearly endless supply of nasty words that promote and exploit hatred toward particular racial, ethnic, or religious groups. Some propagandists play on pride. Often we can spot appeals to pride by looking for such key phrases as: 'Any intelligent person knows that ...' or, 'A person with your education can't help but see that ...' A reverse appeal to pride plays on our fear of seeming stupid. Professionals i.comn persuasion are well aware of that." [10] [Emphasis mine]

The final subheading of the second article is titled "Slogans and Symbols". There, the reader is told:

"Slogans are vague statements that are typically used to express positions or goals. Because of their vagueness, they are easy to agree with." [11] [Emphasis mine]

The writer poses the question:

"But do most people carefully analyze the real issues involved in the crisis or conflict? Or do they just accept what they are told?" [12]

Follows is a strong point by the writer as the article comes to its close:

"The propagandist also has a very wide range of symbols and signs with which to convey his message. Love of parents can also be exploited. Thus, such symbolisms as the fatherland, the mother country, or the mother church are valuable tools in the hands of the shrewd persuader." [13] [Emphasis mine]

The article ends by asking the question of how a person can protect one's self.

Article Three: Do Not Be a Victim of Propaganda

The third and final article cites Proverbs 14:15 from Today's English Version.

"A fool will believe anything."

In the lower right corner of page 9 is a portion of a woman's face, along with a caption that reads "Discernment enables you to discard irrelevant or misleading information."

The article begins by pointing out the differences between education and propaganda:

"There is a difference -- a big difference -- between education and propaganda. Education shows you how to think. Propaganda tells you what to think. Good educators present all sides of an issue and encourage discussion. Propagandists relentlessly force you to hear their view and discourage discussion. They sift the facts, exploiting useful ones and concealing the others. They also distort and twist facts, specializing in lies and half-truths. Your emotions, not your logical thinking abilities, are their target. The propagandist makes sure that his message appears to be the right and moral one and that it gives you a sense of importance and belonging if you follow it. You are one of the smart ones, you are not alone, you are comfortable and secure -- so they say." [14] [Emphasis mine]

The writer reassures the reader by saying that:

"Once you are familiar with some of their tricks, you are in a better position to evaluate any message or information that comes your way." [15]

The first way to avoid becoming a victim, according to the article, is to "Be Selective". Having a completely open mind is compared to a pipe that lets anything flow through it -- "even sewage."

Proverbs 14:15 is cited again, this time from the New World Translation, "Anyone inexperienced puts faith in every word, but the shrewd one considers his steps." Added to this is the writer's own statement:

"We need to scrutinize whatever is presented to us, deciding what to accept and what to reject." [16] [Emphasis mine]

At the same time, the writer continues, "... we do not want to be so narrow that we reuse to consider facts that can improve our thinking." [17]

By using the Bible as a sure guide, the Christian has the source of reliable wisdom. While being open-minded to new information, the article points out, the Christian's mind "sees the danger of information that is entirely inconsistent with his Bible-based values."

On pages 10 and 11 of the magazine, at the top, are four pictures. The first is of a well-dressed middle-aged man wearing a suit and glasses perusing a newspaper while sitting in a chair. The second is that of a cleanly dressed woman watching what appears to be a news broadcast. Below these two pictures is the caption "Test whatever you are reading or watching to see if it is truthful."

The third picture is taken of a crowd of people walking to and fro, apparently in cooler weather or climate. That picture has the caption "Popular opinion is not always reliable." The fourth picture shows a Bible open to Mark with a well-manicured hand. The Bible is not in English. It has the caption "We can confidently look to God's Word as the source of truth."

Another way, the article goes on, is to "Use Discernment". The writer defines "discernment" as "acuteness of judgment." It enables a person to "discard irrelevant information or misleading facts" and "distinguish the substance of a matter."

"Put information to the test" is another recommendation of the article. The writer acknowledges that "Some people today are like sponges; they soak up whatever they come across. It is all too easy to absorb whatever is around us."

More importantly, the article endeavors to impress upon the reader that it is far better for each individual personally to choose what he will feed his mind. It is said that we are what we eat and this can apply to food for both the body and the mind. No matter what you are reading or watching or listening to, test to see whether it has propagandistic overtones or is truthful.

"Moreover, if we want to be fair-minded, we must be willing to subject our own opinions to continual testing as we take in new information. We must realize that they are, after all, opinions. Their trustworthiness depends on the validity of our facts, on the quality of our reasoning, and on the standards or values that we choose to apply." [18] [Emphasis mine]

The article then suggests that the person "Ask Questions".

"First, examine whether there is a bias. What is the motive for the message? If the message is rife with name-calling and loaded words, why is that? Loaded language aside, what are the merits of the message itself? Also, if possible, try to check the track record of those speaking. Are they known to speak the truth? If "authorities" are used, who or what are they? Why should you regard this person -- or organization or publication -- as having expert knowledge or trustworthy information on the subject in question? If you sense some appeal to emotions, ask yourself, "When viewed dispassionately, what are the merits of the message?" [19]

The final suggestion of the writer is "Do not just follow the crowd."

"If you realize that what everybody thinks is not necessarily correct, you can find the strength to think differently. While it may seem that all others think the same way, does it mean that you should? Popular opinion is not a reliable barometer of truth. Over the centuries all kinds of ideas have been popularly accepted, only to be proved wrong later. Yet, the inclination to go along with the crowd persists." [20] [Emphasis mine]

The third article closes with the assurance that if we rely on the Bible, and God, who is the author of the Bible, we will not fall under the sway of propagandists.

Personally, I found the articles both informative and helpful. But I also found myself shaking my head as I reread the information and realized that even Jehovah's Witnesses are both victims and unaware propagandists, myself included. Follows is my closer examination and discussion of "Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda".

[1] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 3

[2] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 4

[4] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 5

[5] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 6

[9] Awake! June 22, 2000, pages 6, 8

[10] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 8

[14] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 9

[18] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 10

[19] Awake! June 22, 2000, pages 10-11

[20] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 11

Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda, Part 2.

Being one of Jehovah's Witnesses, and then reading a series of articles such as this can cause a great deal of concern when reflections take place of one's approach in the field ministry, or the varied approaches in the literature to Witnesses and non-Witnesses alike. Writing a response to the articles seemed the logical thing for me to do, because it would then allow me to express myself to myself while making efforts to be objective about the information that I was either already familiar with or had just read in the article.

Since in the organization it is the policy of Jehovah's Witnesses to speak in agreement with one another, and thus in agreement with the WatchTower Society's leadership which issues any policies or doctrines, I feel confident in using cited information from the publications in making my points that are forthcoming. Out of respect for the time and effort spent by the writers of the organization, I will endeavor to give appropriate credit to the name of the publication used as well as page referred to, and publication date, if necessary. This will be done through the endnotes, in a fashion similar to the previous section.

Tackling the subject of propaganda by the WatchTower Society may very well prove to be one of the most important discussions to take place, and is certainly being set upon by the opposers of the organization known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses -- for better or worse only time will reveal. My first impression as I read the articles was "Do they realize what they are saying? Do they realize that we Witnesses engage in the very things that they are writing about?"

I thought first of James' words that are now quoted above, because it spoke so well of the individual who is faced with their reflection of reality, then steps away from the reality, forgetting what they saw, as if it was of no consequence. Of course, James was speaking about those that hear the Word of God, see what it is in themselves, but do nothing about it. But the verse is just as applicable to truth itself, since God's Word is truth. So, to put it in simpler terms, if we are faced with a truth, and realize that we are not acting in accordance with that truth, but rather go off with the things we are more comfortable with or familiar with, then we are just like that man that peered, then went off and forgot, are we not?

So, as Jehovah's Witnesses, we have an obligation to not just stand and speak words such as are contained in the articles discussing propaganda, but actually take the time to look at ourselves as we say them, and decide if we have been just as guilty of propaganda, as we view others to have been, and then take steps to correct the situation if we do come to that conclusion.

There will be no such suggestions as to what to do within this paper's contents: that is up to the individual. As the magazine pointed out on page 9,

"Education shows you how to think. Propaganda tells you what to think."

It would be improper and unchristian of me to tell anyone what they should do, since we shall all be held accountable before Jehovah God for what we do. I am, therefore, only presenting the information, and my own feelings and views as they relate to me.

On page 6 of the magazine, one of the subheadings is titled "Playing on the Emotions". There, we see the following statement made:

"Even though feelings might be irrelevant when it comes to the factual claims or the logic of an argument, they play a crucial role in persuasion." [1]

One of the emotions found to be appealed to by "some propagandists" is pride. The article points out:

"Often we can spot appeals to pride by looking for such key phrases as: 'Any intelligent person knows that ...' or, 'A person with your education can't help but see that ...' A reverse appeal to pride plays on our fear of seeming stupid. Professionals in persuasion are well aware of that." [2]

One of the most reliable tools available to Jehovah's Witnesses out in the field ministry is the publication titled "Reasoning from the Scriptures". Contained therein is a plethora of information about Jehovah's Witness beliefs, as well as something called "Introductions For Use in the Field Ministry". These allow a Jehovah's Witness to persuade a person to listen to field point, and come highly recommended by the WatchTower Society.

"The following introductions show how some experienced Jehovah's Witnesses begin conversations. If the introductions you are now using seldom open the way for conversations, try some of these suggestions." [3]

Here are some that caught my eye, with the emphasis placed in conjunction with the "Playing on the Emotions" portion of the article:

"We're visiting our neighbors to find people who are deeply concerned ..." [4]

"We're speaking with people who are truly concerned ..." [5]

"I was hoping to find someone like yourself who has an interest in spiritual things." [6]

"Then I'm sure you will appreciate the seriousness of ..." [7]

Still, as the article brought out, fear is often the emotion appealed to when it comes to propaganda, and this appeal is quite evident in the literature. In fact, every year there are several issues of the "Awake!" and "The WatchTower" which feature fearful situations on the cover, meant to grab immediate attention and play upon the emotion of fear.

While it's clear that the WatchTower Society publishes articles and publications that use the tool of "Playing on the Emotions", I have to personally agree that sometimes that is the only way to grab the attention of people. Subjects such as abortion, nuclear warfare, and tobacco usage have themselves engaged in such methods, as have campaigns against drunk driving. In and of itself, this approach, while propagandistic in nature, does not make it negative.

To determine to what extent Jehovah's Witnesses engage in propaganda, we must look further, using the three-part article as our guide.

Returning to page 6, we want to examine two subheadings together: "Lies, Lies!" and "Making Generalizations".

The reason why we must examine these two tools together is because they are often so interwoven that it becomes difficult to differentiate the two. A generalization can be a lie in many cases, but is worded in such a way that it is difficult to see it for what it is truly.

There are too many instances of the usage of this two-fold method by the organization to discuss here. However, to demonstrate how it is used by the Society, we shall examine one particular instance here, and then another later.

The first is the WatchTower Society's consistent reference to all other Christian religions apart from Jehovah's Witnesses as "Christendom". This actually also comes under the tool "Name-Calling", mentioned on page 6 of the "Awake!" Magazine, and possibly the "Slogans and Symbols" category on page 8.

To the Jehovah's Witness, "Christendom" is the most heinous of all organizations, next to "Babylon the Great", which encompasses all other religions apart from Jehovah's Witnesses, who claim to practice the only true religion. Through the use lies and generalizations, the term Christendom takes on a life of its own in the minds of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Mentioned by the writer in the article, Martin Luther made sweeping accusations of Jews in Europe in 1543, along with a "treatment plan" to resolve the problem. The WatchTower Society today, too, makes similar sweeping accusations about Christians of other groups and religions through the use of generalizations that make no effort to differentiate between those groups that do engage in a doctrine called into question and those groups that do not promote such doctrine, leaving the listener or reader with the impression that all other groups besides Jehovah's Witnesses teach such doctrines. Only those individuals with personal knowledge about any given group will identify the error.

One such generalization can be found in the publication "Reasoning from the Scriptures", 1989 edition, where this is a suggested conversation point on page 16:

"Frankly, the churches are not making this world a safer place to live, are they?"

Another, located on the next page (page 17) is offered:

"That is one reason why we are calling -- because the churches have not told people the truth about God and his wonderful purposes for mankind."

By use of the generalization "the churches" rather than 'many churches" or "most churches" or "some churches", the Jehovah's Witness preacher thus implies that every other church has somehow failed in telling people about God and his wonderful purposes for mankind. But is this true, or do we have a case of "Lies, Lies!" and or "Making Generalizations"?

Calling it a successful tactic of propaganda, the magazine points out that Generalizations tend to obscure important facts about the real issues in question, and they are frequently used to demean entire groups of people. [8]

It is beyond the scope of this discussion to evaluate each religion's creeds and doctrines, but any local library will usually have a copy of "Religions of America" or any other work similar to that which can give a reliable overview of practices of other groups. In my personal experience, the actual groups targeted by such generalizations are the older religions such as Catholicism and Protestantism, and their varied sects. But I have also found that there are numerous groups which practice in nearly the same manner and hold to nearly the same beliefs as Jehovah's Witnesses, but since they are not mainstream religions, and thus people are not able to recognize them, or are not otherwise aware of said groups, this generalization "the churches" does a great deal of harm to the actual truth of the situation.

In spite of this, however, the fact remains that through its use of generalizations which do not necessarily mirror the truth, the WatchTower Society is able to promote propaganda to the masses outside the organization. And, as we shall soon see, the same is being done to the masses within the organization.

In closing Part Two of "Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda", I want to return to the article we've been examining.

The final subheading, "Slogans and Symbols", deserves to be more closely observed, for there, on page 8, we read the following:

"For example, in times of national crisis or conflict, demagogues may use such slogans as 'My country, right or wrong ...' But do most people carefully analyze the real issues involved in the crisis or conflict? Or do they just accept what they are told? ... such symbolisms as the mother church are valuable tools in the hands of the shrewd persuader." [9]

It seems fair that we substitute Jehovah's Witness-specific terms into the statement above to keep the scales of justice balanced (the mirror mentioned at the outset). This is the result of our mirror, with the key changes noted in boldface type:

"For example, in times of organizational crisis or conflict, the Faithful and Discreet Slave may use such slogans as 'My organization, right or wrong ...' But do most Jehovah's Witnesses carefully analyze the real issues involved in the crisis or conflict? Or do they just accept what they are told? ... such symbolisms as the mother organization are valuable tools in the hands of the shrewd persuader."

As I shall discuss in Part Three, such an approach is a dangerous one for the individual Jehovah's Witness within the organization, but there are ways to protect one's self from propaganda, even from the WatchTower Society.

[1] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 6

[2] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 8

[3] Reasoning from the Scriptures, page 9 (1989 edition)

[8] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 6

Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda, Part 3:

Loyalty. It's a word that strikes the innermost part of our soul. Governments have called upon the loyal to fight in their wars, while those that remained behind shunned and terrorized those who were deemed disloyal. In schools, classmates form into social circles with the same degree of emphasis placed on loyalty to one another within the circle.

And within the organization known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses, it is no different: loyalty to the organization is placed above the value of individual life. I know this because I am a Witness. But as I shall soon demonstrate, this is not just my perception of the issue of loyalty. Through the use of cited material, I shall provide a clearer understanding, in light of the third and final article in the June 22, 2000, "Awake!" discussing "propaganda", that while others are admonished to "not be a victim of Propaganda," Jehovah's Witnesses are expected and directed to do just that.

"Education shows you how to think. Propaganda tells you what to think." [1]

It is here that we begin our journey. The article provides five basic things that we can do to protect ourselves from propaganda. The articles are primarily directed towards non-Witnesses, but the five rules should be just as applicable to Jehovah's Witnesses. The easiest way to do this is to take each suggestion made to non-Witnesses and then compare that to what Jehovah's Witnesses themselves are told by the WatchTower Society.

The article says the following:

"A completely open mind could be likened to a pipe that lets just anything flow through it -- even sewage. No one wants a mind contaminated with poison ... We need to scrutinize whatever is presented to us, deciding what to accept and what to reject." [2]

This would seem to be sound advice, until we reflect on what the same WatchTower Society has told us as Jehovah's Witnesses:

"Certainly, we owe loyalty to it (the organization), including 'the faithful and discreet slave', through which the Christian congregation is fed spiritually." [3]

"But what if it is hard for us to accept or fully appreciate some Scriptural point presented by the faithful slave? Then let us humbly acknowledge where we learned the truth and pray for wisdom to deal with this trial until it comes to an end with some published clarification of matters." [4]

This would seem to contradict the advice given to non-Witnesses. As Jehovah's Witnesses, we do not decide what to accept or what to reject, but rather, we pray that we can be able to accept what has been said, even if we personally find it either offensive or incorrect. Remember, the "Awake!" article says: "Education shows you how to think. Propaganda tells you what to think."

Being able to scrutinize "whatever is presented to us", is not something appropriate for Jehovah's Witnesses, although it is strongly encouraged within the article to non-Witnesses. Follows is a good quote from the WatchTower Society to Jehovah's Witnesses:

"How shall we view the spiritual food provided by this 'faithful and discreet slave'? Should it be viewed critically -- 'Oh, well, it might be true then again it might not be and so we have to scrutinize it very critically'?" [5]

"If we have once established what instrument God is using as his 'slave' to dispense spiritual food to his people, surely Jehovah is not pleased if we receive that food as though it might contain something harmful." [6]

Here are some others:

"At times we hear brothers talking complainingly about the Scriptural explanations and truths published in 'The Watchtower'. Being unable to understand fully why a certain point is made ... they begin expressing their doubts to others. This, of course, creates confusion among the brothers, especially among newer ones. He is showing a spirit of discontent ..." [7]

"The truths we are to publish are the ones provided through the discreet-slave organization, not some personal opinions contrary to what the slave has provided ... rather than opposing and rejecting it and presumptuously taking the position that we are more likely right that the discreet slave ... We should meekly go along ... rather than balk at the first mention of a thought unpalatable to us and proceed to mouth our criticisms and opinions as though they were worth more than the slave's provision of spiritual food ... Now some may ask, Should we accept as from the Lord and true the food provided through the discreet slave, or should we withhold acceptance until we have proved it for ourselves? ... Are we to be doubtful and suspicious about each new provision? ... How much more readily we can receive the slave's provisions with confidence ..." [8]

"To properly study 'The Watchtower' we must approach it with the right heart attitude ... we have no grounds for approaching a study of it with suspicion ..." [9]

"We should eat and digest and assimilate what is set before us, without shying away from parts of the food because it may not suit the fancy of our mental taste." [10]

"Yet there are some who point out that the organization has had to make adjustments before, and so they argue: 'This shows that we have to make up our own mind on what to believe.' This is independent thinking. Why is it so dangerous? Such thinking is evidence of pride." [11]

The above quotes surely echo of contrariness to the admonishments contained within the "Awake!" article where we read such things as "But it is far better for each individual personally to choose what he will feed his mind," and "Do not just follow the crowd ... While it may seem that all others think the same way, does it mean that you should? Popular opinion is not a reliable barometer of truth."

Certainly the above quotes also make emotional appeals. After all, who wants to be considered as "smarter than" someone else? Or be perceived as "prideful?" Or a know-it-all? Or a trouble-maker? By playing on these emotions, Jehovah's Witnesses are made to feel insecure about their own consciences prodding, and replace it with the WatchTower Society's conscience in order to seek peace and solitude. Within the organization, there is the pseudo-reality of "strength in numbers", by thinking the same as the rest of the crowd of Jehovah's Witnesses, even in the face of personal disagreement.

There are numerous other such statements contained within WatchTower Society literature which could be cited here, but the above should be enough to determine that propagandistic undertones do, in fact, have a place in the WatchTower Society's literature, and its promotion thereof. They are geared to those within the organization, while other statements are directed to those outside the organization (non-Witnesses). It would appear, unfortunately, that there are two standards to live by.

In the next part, which will conclude my personal reflection on the articles I've been discussing, I want to return to examining the WatchTower Society's use of "Making Generalizations" -- this time when it comes to those who no longer wish to "follow the crowd" of Jehovah's Witnesses because of the WatchTower Society's own advice about "testing whatever they read ... ."

There, we shall examine the WatchTower Society's campaign against "apostasy".

[1] Awake! June 22, 2000, page 9

[3] Watchtower, March 15, 1996, page 16

[4] Watchtower, November 15, 1992, page 19-20

[5] Watchtower, February 15, 1981, page 18

[7] Watchtower, August 1, 1967, page 469

[8] Watchtower, February 1, 1952, pages 79, 80

[9] Watchtower, October 15, 1953, page 623

[10] Watchtower, February 1, 1952, page 79

[11] Watchtower, January 15, 1983, page 27

Understanding WatchTower Society Propaganda, Part 4:

"Why do you observe the splinter in your brother's eye and never notice the plank in your own? How dare you say to your brother, 'Let me take the splinter out of your eye', when all the time there is a plank in your own? Hypocrite! Take the plank out of your own eye first, then you will see clearly enough to take the splinter out of your brother's eye.'" -- Matthew 7:3-5 Jerusalem Bible

In war, even weapons of mass destruction cannot outmatch the sheer power of words. Its strength lies in its ability to subtly corrode one's view or mold it to something else. Or both. Surely the use of propaganda among the nations during times of national crisis and warfare give evidence of this, with all its incomprehensible fury and appeal to the basest of human nature, motivating its listeners to action.

Today, there is a war that is going on that doesn't involve weapons of mass destruction, but its effects can be measured in words and the actions of those that listen to those words. That war is being driven by the organization known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses, and its opponent is a conglomerate of individuals who leave that organization for any number of reasons, sometimes after decades of faithful service.

The war is against apostasy. Since the days of Paul and Peter, there have been those who tried to subvert the faith of others who had come to believe that Jesus was the Christ. There have been those who claimed that the resurrection that was such a fundamental hope among Jews had already occurred. Paul's appeal to the congregations as he watched them grow in number was to not lose the love they had at first; not go after these men who not only disagreed with the way things were being taught regarding Christ and the resurrection and the passing of Mosaic Law, but were seeking followers of their own to espouse their own views ... in effect making men into slaves with themselves as authority on Scripture.

Having been counted among the clique of Pharisees at one time, Paul must have felt angry that the same thing was happening all over again in the name of Christianity, but his later letters showed that he had come to accept that it must be so once the apostles passed from the scene, for even Jesus had predicted that weeds must rise up before the harvest. Those same letters contained admonishment to not become a victim of that manner of teaching, not abandon the teachings he had brought them about the Christ.

So what is apostasy according to Paul, according to the Bible? This is how it is defined in the WatchTower Society's "Insight on the Scriptures" encyclopedia:

Apostasy. This term in Greek (apostasia) comes from the verb 'aphistemi', literally meaning "stand away from." The noun has the sense of "desertion, abandonment or rebellion." (Ac 21:21, ftn) In classical Greek the noun was used to refer to political defection, and the verb is evidently employed in this sense at Acts 5:37, concerning Judas the Galilean who "drew off" (apestese, form of aphistemi) followers. The Greek Septuagint uses the term at Genesis 14:4 with reference to such a rebellion. However, in the Christian Greek Scriptures it is used primarily with regard to religious defection; a withdrawal or abandonment of the true cause, worship, and service of God, and hence an abandonment of what one has previously professed and a total desertion of principles or faith.

That is the textbook definition. We are going to use the last part of this definition to further our discussion:

In the Christian Greek Scriptures it is used primarily with regard to religious defection; a withdrawal or abandonment of the true cause, worship, and service of God, and hence an abandonment of what one has previously professed and a total desertion of principles or faith.

Before we go on, it needs to be understood that the WatchTower Society itself uses its own literature to target two specific groups: non-Witnesses and Jehovah's Witnesses. While not every single article is written to a specific group, since there are numerous articles that discuss matters that are of a general nature, such as an article on flora and fauna, many articles are written to a specific audience. This can be anything from the fear of being a victim of crime or the internet being directed at non-Witnesses, to a current understanding of Ezekiel being directed at Witnesses.

The articles that have been discussed in the June 22, 2000, "Awake!" magazine seems to have been written to non-Witnesses, as I've briefly shown in Part 3 of my response. That is an important distinction for us to make, because the advice contained in the WatchTower Society's discussion of propaganda, while sound for all individuals, is apparently not intended by the writer to be a concern for Jehovah's Witnesses, or the writer is not aware of the advice and admonitions given by the WatchTower Society to Jehovah's Witnesses concerning being critical of the information that the WatchTower Society itself dispenses, much less to act upon such information when found questionable or incorrect.

This would either indicate that the writer is not aware of a double-standard within the organization, or it is not applicable advice when it comes to the WatchTower Society's own literature, as though the WatchTower Society is somehow above such critical examinations:

"How shall we view the spiritual food provided by this 'faithful and discreet slave?' Should it be viewed critically -- 'Oh, well, it might be true then again it might not be and so we have to scrutinize it very critically'?" [1]

"Here we have advice given to Witnesses who are a part of the organization known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses. Yet what did the article, on page 10, say? Put information to the test: 'Beloved ones', said John, a first-century Christian teacher, 'do not believe every inspired expression, but test the inspired expressions.' (1 John 4:1) Some people today are like sponges; they soak up whatever they come across. It is all too easy to absorb whatever is around us." [3]

Do we have a contradiction ... a double-standard? Which advice do we follow? Or is this a situation where we have a specific audience, as I inferred earlier? John, in the above-cited scripture, was referring to inspired expressions. Shouldn't that advice be applicable to everyone trying to seek Jehovah and keep his ways.

Have there been other statements made by the Society in reference to itself that also do not follow the advice set out in the recent "Awake!" magazine? Surely the February 15, 1981, "Watchtower" statements were but isolated examples.

As can be seen in the next cited example, this sort of double-standard has been in place at least back into the 1950s, and one could probably locate statements going back to C.T. Russell's time:

Now some may ask, Should we accept as from the Lord and true the food provided through the discreet slave, or should we withhold acceptance until we have proved it for ourselves? ... Are we to be doubtful and suspicious about each new provision? ... How much more readily we can receive the slave's provisions with confidence ... [4]

I quoted some other examples in Part 3, which you are invited to refer back to before we go on.

The point here seems to be that the WatchTower Society wants non-Witnesses to be critical of non-Witness religions or other establishments, but Jehoovah's Witnesses are not to be critical of the Witness establishment, contrary to the Apostle John's own advice.

In all fairness, let me for a moment address the concerns of some that might point out that the statements I quoted above were taken from magazines that were written long before the June 22, 2000, "Awake!" magazine, and that makes a difference.

This has not, however, been the first time that the WatchTower Society has published information about such things, written presumably to non-Witnesses just as this magazine's articles have been. Some examples are the "Awake!" articles "An Open Mind or a Closed Mind -- Which Do You Have?" and "An Open Mind Wins God's Approval", which appeared in the November 22, 1984, issue. There has also been an article in "The Watchtower" magazine titled "Are You Open to New Ideas?" [5] That article made the powerfully poignant statement:

"Even some religious people have closed minds. They are interested only in 'their' religion, showing no willingness to as much as listen to the views of others." [6]

The intention, I assume, is to get the reader to be willing to examine the WatchTowr Societys' literature and not be closed-minded about it. It might here be interesting to note that the first article in that issue features the picture of a man with his face turned away and his hand held forward in opposition, perhaps in something being offered to him. This is probably to symbolize how many people at the doors that Jehovah's Witnesses knock upon respond to the Jehovah's Witnesses' dispensation of literature. By being "open-minded", the person will be receptive to ideas that may directly challenge their current beliefs.

Again, those things are written to non-Witnesses, in advocating the receptiveness of ideas that may run contrary to the religious beliefs of individuals.

Yet notice the picture on page 12 of the March 15, 1986, "The Watchtower". There we are shown a picture of a woman standing in a doorway, a mailman walking away after having delivered the mail. We watch as the woman drops some of her mail into a trash receptacle. The caption reads "Do you wisely destroy apostate material?" Given the proximity of the mailman to the door and the immediate motion of the woman to discard some of her mail, is it possible that she never even examined it? How, then, can it be said that the information was apostate?

Receptiveness to facts and related information which then challenges our convictions, our faith, can indeed be trying, but if we revise that picture of the woman discarding the mail by making that person a householder who has just received a magazine or tract, and the mailman is one or two Jehovah's Witnesses, then what do we learn about ourselves?

As Jehovah's Witnesses, we are quick to call such people who never even bother to look at the literature "closed-minded." I shudder to think about the sheer volume of literature produced by the WatchTower Society that does end up thrown away or otherwise discarded!

But, again, what do we learn about ourselves? Aren't we the same way? If someone offers us information, don't we, if it is even slightly religious in nature, deem it unworthy of our attention? Aren't we, too, interested "only in" our "religion, showing no willingness to as much as listen to the views of others?"

This brings us back to the beginning again. What if one of Jehovah's Witnesses decides to follow the WatchTower Society's advice to non-Witnesses, and not the advice to its own ranks? What if they decide to go back over everything they have learned, this time with a critical eye, with an open rather than a closed mind? What if they come to discover that they don't actually agree with everything that is being taught by the WatchTower Society?

It would be foolish to assume that there are many Jehovah's Witnesses who agree entirely with every teaching of the WatchTower Society. At the same time, it is not always immediately apparent how much any given Jehovah's Witness might disagree with the WatchTower Society until they begin to think about that aspect of their relationship with the WatchTower Society.

On the other hand, it is just as foolish to think that everyone in the rest of the world's Christian religions agree entirely with their particular religion's collection of beliefs ... fanaticism aside. My question, of course, is this: At what point does one question their own religion? When one considers that every person is convinced that the religion they are involved in is the best and truest religion, so why question it, it all gets pretty confusing.

But I digress. Returning to the war that is taking place, at the behest of the WatchTower Society, is against all those that leave the organization. Without having any numbers, I'd still have to assume that there are a great majority that leave the organization over doctrinal matters, and not simply because they want to live immoral lives (more on this later).

Of those that leave over doctrinal matters, is it too difficult to understand that they would feel just as strongly about their convictions as we do? And aren't they just as free to express themselves as we are? Or as Jehovah's Witnesses, do we somehow come in above the laws of a land while denying other groups the right to speak out in Christ's name?

Every Jehovah's Witness must realize that in order to become a Witness, any former membership or set of beliefs must be abandoned! In other words, thousands who join the organization must apostasize, or become apostates. Then, during the course of their tenure in the organization, they are considered non-apostate because they have found "the true religion", and therefore apostasy doesn't apply to them. Finally, when they leave, not only are they given (back) the title "apostate", but the label is given a darker, more sinister application, with loss of all that they may have gained while a part of the organization. I find it intriguing that while under the umbrella of the WatchTower Society, Jehovah's Witnesses are no longer "apostate", but are "approved association".

As Jehovah's Witnesses, we are taught, even admonished, to speak from our heart, to produce fruitage that is in agreement with "the truth". We are taught to be better defenders of "the truth" among worldlings and we are regularly educated on the current teachings of the WatchTower Society. We are directed to take advantage of every opportunity to speak freely to one another and to others not of our sort (non-Witnesses). We are expected to be preachers!

The paradox is astounding! What we see is something quite different when someone has something negative to say about the WatchTower Society, and what we as Jehovah's Witnesses see and feel when the member of any other religion bravely speaks out negatively against his or her former religion and renounces their membership and association with it.

Again, what does this say about us? What do we learn by this? Those that, because of their conscience, find that they can no longer run with the crowd, (and the "Awake!" magazine's discussion on propaganda demonstrates that what the majority is thinking or believes does not provide enough compulsion to go blindly along for the sake of going along) and decide to part ways with the organization face living the rest of their lives with the WatchTower Society's label.

At the same time, the inculcation to be a preacher does not necessarily diminish in the individual. They may still feel just as compelled to speak out in defense of their faith, even to their previous associates among the organization.

This is where the battle line seems to have been drawn by the WatchTower Society. This is where the tools of propaganda take their root and stretch out like tenuous vines. While you are free to speak out against your former religion (be it Catholic, Protestant, Mormon or whatever) and join the organization, you are all but forbidden to speak out against the WatchTower Society either while you are a member or when you part ways (voluntarily or involuntarily).

"The truths we are to publish are the ones provided through the discreet-slave organization, not some personal opinions contrary to what the slave has provided ... " [7]

"At times we hear brothers talking complainingly about the Scriptural explanations and truths published in the Watchtower ... they begin expressing their doubts to others ... he [the person expressing their doubts to others] is showing a spirit of discontent ..." [8]

"If some tinge of doubt ... has begun to linger in your heart, take quick steps to eliminate it before it festers into something that could destroy your faith ... Cut off anything that feeds such doubts." [9]

Even with this last statement, we can see that there is an expectation to not question the WatchTower Society. If we as Jehovah's Witnesses come across something which casts a bad light on the WatchTower Society to such an extent that we begin to question the Society, we are to get rid of it. Immediately!

To further isolate the Jehovah's Witnesses who remain with the organization, the WatchTower Society has in place a shunning policy that involves those who do not meet "approved association" status, or that have been disfellowshiped. This is clearly another tactic of "theocratic war", since even the nations do that with their borders in time of national conflicts. It also invites the use of propaganda since those that are kept within the boundaries can only receive the facts that are made available by the regime within the boundaries.

In the case of the WatchTower Society, Jehovah's Witnesses only know what the Society tells them. We do not look elsewhere for information, trusting that the WatchTower Society will tell us all that we need to know of a matter.

In the case of a Jehovah's Witness who leaves the organization over doctrinal matters, there is no communication between the Jehovah's Witness who left and those who stayed, at the WatchTower Society's behest. Rarely is it the choice of the Jehovah's Witness who left to break off all communication with their former brothers and sisters. However, as mentioned a few paragraphs earlier, some who leave feel compelled to be preachers still, and look for opportunities to speak to others about the organization, their own beliefs, and possibly even their former associates within the organization.

Some have taken up their efforts on the internet, hoping to show others the things they themselves came to realize about the WatchTower Society with hopes that everyone else will make a more informed decision about whether to join the organization or not. This has only made the war between the WatchTower Society and those who leave its headship a more bitter war.

Through the various tactics that the "Awake!" magazine admitted as propagandistic, the WatchTower Society is working to maintain their authority over the remaining Jehovah's Witnesses by cutting off the symbolic knock on the door by former Witnesses bringing with them information that could challenge the religious beliefs of the Jehovah's Witness. At the same time, the former Witnesses are taking their cause to a much larger audience, through the internet, hoping that the Jehovah's Witnesses who wouldn't dream of questioning the WatchTower Society within view of fellow Jehovah's Witnesses, might find consolation that they are not alone in their beliefs and disagreements with the WatchTower Society, whether they choose to leave or stay in spite of those convictions. As the article brought out:

"Good educators present all sides of an issue and encourage discussion. Propagandists relentlessly force you to hear their view and discourage discussion." [10]

Long disdained by the WatchTower Society, websites that actually invite discussion about Jehovah's Witnesses and their beliefs have come into existence. International forums discuss, both frankly and not without a few quarrels, a wide range of issues involving the organization and the Society which heads it. But it is intended to educate.

On the other hand, the WatchTower Society regularly informs those within the organization that the internet can be a source of great harm to Jehovah's Witnesses, because "apostates" have put up websites that "cast doubt" on the organization. They do this through the use of name-calling and generalizations, and through the propagandistic approach of "My organization, right or wrong."

By referring to all who speak negatively against the WatchTower Society as 'apostate", the Society adds to its own definition in the "Insight" reference. The WatchTower Society then plays on "loyalty" and "fear" to further its campaign so that "loyal" Jehovah's Witnesses will not pay heed to either said websites or people who leave over doctrinal matters or anything that will cause a Jehovah's Witness to evaluate the organization to which they have become a member. Quite the opposite of "good educators" that the article made reference to, is it not?

Add to that, the use of generalities and "loaded words", and the campaign becomes still more clear:

"Yes, apostates publish literature that resorts to distortions, half-truths, and outright falsehood ... it would be a dangerous thing to allow our curiosity to move us to feed on such writings or to listen to their abusive speech! ... For one thing, some of the apostate literature presents falsehoods by means of 'smooth talk' and 'counterfeit words'. ... And while the apostates may also present certain facts, these are usually taken out of context with the goal of drawing others away ... All their writings simply criticize and tear down! Nothing is upbuilding." [11]

The danger is made to seem real. Certainly there exist true apostates, individuals who would derive great satisfaction in turning others against God and Christ. But when it comes to those who leave over doctrinal issues, and preach to others about the things they know to be true regarding the WatchTower Society, we can see that the Society does not mince words: we are not to even be curious about what they have to say. Through the use of generalizations ("distortions, half-truths, and outright falsehood," "abusive speech", "smooth talk", "counterfeit words") without examining a single example, and through the use of loaded words ("may also", "certain facts", "usually", "all their writings", "simply", "nothing is upbuilding") a facade is created that invites all "loyal" Witnesses to perceive any that leave as evil, and most certainly to be avoided.

True to the article's warning, even the WatchTower Society is guilty of propagandistic tactics when it insults "those who disagree with them by questioning character or motives instead of focusing on the facts." [12] Research into the many articles discussing opposers and the "evil servant" are good examples of this very approach being taken by the WatchTower Society. Space does not permit me to discuss those examples in this paper.

Regarding the internet, the 1999 District Convention of Jehovah's Witnesses had this to say about the content of any website discussing Jehovah's Witnesses:

"misinformation at best ... lies at worst"

The war being waged by the WatchTower Society against former members is growing in intensity, if last year's (1999) District Convention is any indication. There were several talks that went into almost doctrinal approach. The advice of the WatchTower Society is to stay away from the internet unless you positively must be using it, and then only in the presence of others, so that you are not tempted to visit any sites other than the official website of the organization. Parents are strongly encouraged to place the family computer in a central location (wonderful advice even for non-Witness parents, I agree!) and to be aware of any websites that their children may put up. At the convention, however, the example used by the Society was of a family that had the internet, but decided that it was too dangerous for them ... this instead of a family that had the internet and how they were actively monitoring its usage in their household.

As those Jehovah's Witnesses who leave strive to continue being preachers, as they were encouraged by the WatchTower Society, they will likely search for more effective ways to inform others about the things they have come to learn about the WatchTower Society, and to be a source of encouragement to others who, like them, took the WatchTower Society's advice concerning looking at things with a critical eye and deciding for one's self what to believe or not to believe about Jehovah God and Christ ... and left.

Until Jehovah God's timetable for the present system comes to completion, the war will likely rage on for the WatchTower Society to retain their Jehovah's Witnesses followers.

Notes: As a matter of convention, I have used the term "the Society" when referring to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, also known as "the faithful and discreet slave". I have used the term "the organization", when referring to the group of people who have subjected themselves to the Society. These are also known as "the New World Society", "the Great Crowd". The two together are believed to be "Jehovah's organization", or "Jehovah's earthly organization".

[1] Watchtower, Feb. 15, 1981, p. 18

[2] Watchtower, Feb. 15, 1981, p. 19

[3] Awake! June 22, 2000, p. 10

[4] Watchtower, Feb. 1, 1952, p. 79,80

[5] Watchtower, January 15, 1989

[6] Awake! November 22, 1984, p. 8

[7] Watchtower, February 1, 1952, p. 79

[8] Watchtower, August 1, 1967, p. 469

[9] Watchtower, Feb. 1, 1996, p. 23, 24

[10] Awake! June 22, 2000, p. 9

[11] Watchtower, July 1, 1994, p. 12

[12] Awake! June 22, 2000, p. 6